Metal-working machine.



L. A. HAWTHORNE. METAL WORKING MACHINE.

APPLICATION HLED MAR-13,1914 @LQ51, PatentedSept. 25,1917.

4 SHEETS-SHEET l- WITNESSES.

L. A. HAWTHORNE.

METAL WORKING MACHINE.

APPLICATION HLED MAR. 13. 1914.

WITNESSES:

L. A. HAWTHORNE.

METAL WORKING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED MAR.13. 1914.

Patented Sept. 25, 1917.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

WITNESSES:

ATTORNEY LOUIS A. HAWTHORNE, OE NEWARK, NEW JERSEY, ASSIGNOR TO STEEL UTILITIES, INCORPORATED, CORPORATION OF YORK.

METAL-VJO'RKING MACHINE.

Application filedll'larch 13,

To all whom it may concern: I

Be it known that 1, Louis A. HAWTHORNE, a citizen of the United States, residing at Newark, New Jersey, have made certain Improvements in Metal-l/Vorking Machines, of which the following is a specification.

- The inventionrelates to machines for perforating structural shapes and the like for fabrication and more especially to .distance determining devices for properly feeding and locating the work with reference to perforating mechanisms.

Objects of the invention will be set forth hereinafter in part, and in part willbe obvious herefrom, said objects being effected and. vrealized by the instrumentalities and combinations set forth in the appended claims. I The invention consists in the novel parts,

constructions, arrangements, combinations and improvements hereln shown and described.

The accompanying drawings, referred to herein, and constituting a part hereof, illustrate one embodiment of the invention, and serve ,with the description to explain the principles of the invention;

Ofthe drawings,

Figure l is a plan, and with parts broken away, embodying the invention,

Fig. 2 is a fragmentary plan, on an en larged scale with parts in section and with parts broken away, of the'distance determining device shown in. the lower central part of Fig. 1; 1

Fig. 3 is an elevation looking, at Fig. 2 from the foot; 1

Fig. 4 is a fragmentary perspective of the distance determining rings or shown in plan inFig. 2;

Fig. 5 is afragmentary plan, with parts broken away, of the rings or disks shown at the lower right hand partof Fig. 2; and Fig. 6 is a sectional view on'the line AB of Fig. 5.

Referring to the accompanying drawings, illustrating by way of example, one embo i-, ment of the invention, suitable means are provided for forwarding a structural'shape, such as an I-beam m, relatively to the punch-- ing devices, and in cooperation and conjunction with the forwarding means, settable means whereby the shape is stopped in proper position to be perforated at the dewith parts in section of a machine view disks I Specification of Letters Patent.

Said rollers 1- are suitably driven, and as I have utilized the particular form of mechanism shown and described in the hereinbev of the distance determining device thus mov- Patented Sept. 25, 1917. 1914. Serial No. 824,385 I sired point or points by the tool-equipped means.-

I have chosen to'show a particular form of work forwarding means such as is set forth in application for patent, Serial No. 790,085, of Theodore P. Payne, filed Sept. 16, 1913. Briefly described, said means com prises devices acting upon the shape to urge or progress itforward by frictional contact, such as rollers 1, carried by suitable supports, and preferably arranged in a horizontal series, the punching, mechanisms bein located at an intermediate point along the pathway of the shape over said rollers.

embodied, the shafts 2 thereof are supported by journals 3, and have bevel gears 41, Wl'llCh' gears 41: intermesh with corresponding gears 5 upon shafts 6. Said-shafts 6 are journaled 1n suitable supports 7, there being a shaft 6 for the rollers on one side of the punching mechanism and another shaft 6 for the rollers onthe other side of the punching mechanism. Said shafts 6 are driven in a suitable manner as by a motor 8 connected thereto by suitable gearing 9.

- With the embodied form of my distance determining device, I have employed devices or mechanisms cooperating, with the rollers 1, which devices or mechanisms permit. travel of the shape or under impulsion of rollers 1 and act also under control of the distance determining device to stop the shape in accordance with the setting of the distance determining device. As embodied,

fore mentioned application Ser. No. 790,085, of Theodore P; Payne- Said mechanism comprises ahead 10 with which head the forwardend of the shape 00 is in contact as the shape is impelled forward by the rollers 1. To said head 10 is fixed a geared rack 11, extending backwardly alongside the shape 03, said rack being supported in a proper manner by rollers and guides (not shown herein).

The distance determining device is con .nected directly to the rack 11, by means of a pinion 12 upon a shaft 13 of the distance determining device, said pinion meshing with the gear-teeth on the rack 11, the shaft. 13

ing exactlyproportionally with the rack 11 and the shape-m.

As embodied, the bearings l4 and in the ends of a relatively long, hollow, horizontal casing 16, and said bearings are preferablyprovided with bushings 17. The casing 16 has a longitudinal opening throughout its length, preferably abouta quadrant in width, through which e'Xt'end and travel "the connections between the mechanism internal to the casing and the mechanism external thereto. Said casing 16 has an internal thread 18 extending throughout the length thereof. The"shaft 13 within the casing 16 is squared or otherwise equivalently formed, as "shownat I9. Mounted on the squared portion 1 9 of 13,*is a nut 20, said hut-having an external thread ineshi'ng with'the i tern-a1 thread 18 of the casing 16. The-nut is mounted upon the squared portion 19 of shaft 13, thereby turning" with shaft 13, and the c'asing 16' being statienary, the nut 20 is traveled longitudinally along the squared 19'0'1 tion -19 of shaft -13 as said shaft rotates. Fixed to or inte ral "with the nut #20 is a sleeve 21 extending alo'ng' ahd' inel'osing the shaft 13, said sleeve 21 being squared sally to fit the part la-andheihgexterior-1y of -;cy1indri*ca1 fern-1; I W At its other end {the sleeve 21 is' p-rovided with an abutment for the pur ose of keeping in position certain other parts, later he be described, which are mounted np'o'n sa'ld sleeve 21, said abutment beihgshown here in as an internally threaded '22 screwed on to a eerresp ond'ing thread on the ends of the sleeve 21. 1

Sleeved er journaled'on the sleeve 21 is a cylinder -23, which s rota' ta'ble r'elati'vely to.

the sleeve Ql hit "the preper time in the sequence or operation "of the device The nut 23 at its left handend Fig. "proeaea with crown teeth 23 which "are adapted "to engage with the "teeth 20 as hereinafter described. Fined to' or integral with said cylindrical member 23 is extension, formed as a sleeve 24 "ear-tending along 'zfi'id 'inclosi'ng the sleeve 21, but being rotatable thereon with the cylindrical men-1'- ber 23." Said sleeve or extension 24 provided en itseX'ter-ior sun-face with'a thread 25. The cylinder 23 is utilized in obtainii'i'g the i'iltii'iia-te or smaller distance settings,'a nd has c'depe'rating therewith certain distance keys, whi'ch willbe described later.

E'ncircling the threade'd'sleeve'24 antl having an internal thread in mesh with the thread 25 of the sleeve 24 is .a nut 30. Fixed to or integral with the nut is a ne'ek 31 extending out through I g ing 16. To nec'k 3'1'is'fi Xed a longitudinal rack 32, said 'rac'k being provided with suitable guide 'ivays, travels, the nrechanism within the casing r6 travelingpro ortionatel therewit In accordance with certain features er the shaft 13 is journaled movement and the apertur ca's- 1 invention, there are provided rotary members traveling in definite relation to the work and having coep'erating' therewith settable devices representing distance denominations or values settable to control the position of said rotary members,and thereby to position and stop the shape relatively to the tool-equipped means.

As em-bodied,- said rotary devices connect directly to the rack 33 controlling its longitudinal movement, and "thus controlling the rotation ofthe shaft 13 and thus controlling th'e'longitudina/l travel and stopping of the head ltl-and'the shapes. As embodied, said means comprise a series of disks rotatable relatively to ea-eh other, and nested one within another. A supper-ting casing 34 extends out horizontally from and-is carried by the casing 1 6. with a wall 35-, extending about and inc'losing the nested, rotatable disks. Supported in'the casing 34; is a fixed upwardly extendi ngshaft 36, which serves as-an axis for the rotatable disks, said shaft 36 at ltsupper end being sup orted by a; bracket37, fixed to the-M1 135. Concentric upon and rotatable relatively to said shaft 36 is a plate or disk 38, which plate 38 is provided with,

in the figure "of the drawings of "the disk 34 is formed an arcuate groove or slot Superposed on said disk '38 is a disk 46 likewise rotatable about the shaft '36. "Upon said disk 46 is 'su'pporfteda group or series of keys 50, slidable in apertures i n d'isk 4'6, adapted to coe'pera-te with the s1'ot45 in'fthe disk 38.- p

As embodied, "said key-board device comprises an arcuate segmental circular support 48 fixed to the disk 4'6 in a' suitable manner, as by rints 49. In the plate 47 are a series of apertures spaced alpai' tgat definite distancessand of suitable length, into which apertures the keys 50 are projected when they are set-or depressed. The lower ends o'f the keys '50 are "in the form ofpi'ns 51 'iproje'cta-ble into and retractable "out "of the ns'lots Betweenthe heads 'of'the keys 50 and the plate 47, are coiled springs 52 for the purpose of retracting the keys. Beneath thegplate 47 is an oscillatingjring 5 5, in which" ring 55ra're apertures through "which the pins 5lof the keys 50project. "On the-p'ins-5l are oonoidal portions56, said -c'onoidal portions when the :ey is retracted have't'heir small ends-just within the respective a perturesin the ring 5-5. The large ends or heads of theconoidal enlargements in this position are gpre'ssed plate 47 carried upon 'a' support The apertures against the plate 47 v by the spring 52, thus serving as a stop for the retracted keys. in the ring 55 are just of a size to permit the conoidal enlargements 56 to pass therethrough The ring 55 is held by suitable spring and stop mechanism (not shown) in a position whereby the pins 51 of the keys 50 are at one side of the corresponding apertures in ring 55. I

When a key 50 is depressed, its conoidal portion 56, inpassing through its aperture rotates the ring 55 slightly against its spring, and after the conoidal portion 56 has passed through the aperture in the ring 55, the ring is moved back by its spring, with the top of the conoidal portion 56 beneath the ring 55 thus locking the set key in position. Upon setting a succeeding key, the ring 55 will be again similarly moved, and as its conoidal enlargement passes through the aperture in the ring 55, the preceding set key is released, and the new key being set is in its turn locked beneath the ring 55. Rotatably mounted above the plate or disk 46 is a plate or disk 60. The disk 46 has an upwardly extending sleeve 61, which sleeve embraces the shaft 36, the disk about the sleeve 61. 1 Carried upon said disk 60 is a group or series of cablein apertures in similar already described. Said keys 62 are carried in apertures in a supporting plate 63, which plate is mounted upon an arcuate segmental 64, which support is mounted upon the disk 6O. Said keys 62 are provided with conoidal portions 65 passing through and cotiperating 'witlrapertures in a locking ring 66, which ring may be generally similar to the ring 55 already described. ,Suitable retracting springs 67 cotiperate with the keys 62 in the same manner as the springs 52 coiiperate with the keys 50. In the disk 46 are a plurality of slots 68, located and proportioned to'correspond to distance values, with which. slotsthe keys 62, carried by the disk 60, cotiperate, the keys 62 projecting into the slots 68 when set or depressed, and leased or retracted.

Mounted above the disk 60 is a concentric circular disk 71 fixed to shaft 36. Said disk 71 carries a key supporting plate 72, having a series of keys 73 reciprocably mounted in apertures in disk 71 and in plate 72, and similar in construction and operation to the series or groups of keys previously described. Said key carrying plate 72 is mounted upon a circular arcuate support 74 fixed upon the plate 71. The group or series of keys 73 have a locking ring 76, is similar in construction and operation to the locking rings scribed. The keys 7 3 cotiperat'e :Witha series 60 being centrally apertured to fit about and rotate keys 62, recipro- 1 diskl60, and generally in construction I to the keys 50 1 an inch.

clearing the slots when rewhich ring,

66 r and 55 already de-.

- of arcuate slots 77 formed in the disk 60,

said keys when set projecting into the slots, and when retracted being free therefrom.

- Means are also provided for giving the ultimate or more minute feed and feed control than that given by the rotatable disks just described. In the embodied form such additional means give the feed or distance determinations for fractions of an inch. In said means there is fixed to the rack 32 an arcuate support 80 (shown in elevation in Fig. 3 and in section in Fig. 2) which extends upwardly from the rack 32 in front of the opening in and along cylinder 16, and about and in contiguity with the cylindrical member 23; The support 80 carries a similar plate 80 spaced away therefrom, said plates being provided with keys mounted reciprocably in apertures in said supporting plates, which keys co'ciperate with grooves as determining or controlling the tens of "feet; the disk 46 and keys 62 as determining feet or units of feet; the disk 60 and keys 73 as determining or controlling inches, and the keys carried by the plate 80 and cotiperating with the cylinder 23 as determining or controlling fractions of an inch, and as embodied controlling the feed by sixteenths of As embodied four rows of keys are utilized, said rows being arranged vertically or in helical circumferential lines as to Figs 3, and designated respectively by reference numerals 81, 82, 83 and 84. Said, keys are provided with retractingsprings 85 in compression between the key heads and the surface of the arcuate plate 80. Said plate 80 is spaced awayfrom a plate 86 likewise carried by the rack 32. and having apertures therein in which the lower ends of the keys are slidable to pass into and out of engagement with .the slot in the surface of the cylinder Between the plates 80 and 86 are located *a slidable locking plate 87, which operates similarly to the locking rings v55 already described. mounted upon suitable supports, and is urged inone direction by spring 88. The

keys are provided with conoidal enlarge-.

Said plate 87 is slidably.

keys S1, 82,

and the thread 25 on the sleeve 24. Said slots extend in the embodied form only par tially about the member 23, there being one slot corresponding to each of the series of 83 and 84, said slots being indicated respectively by reference numerals 90, 91,1 92 and 93.. 1

On the faceor lefthand end of cylindrical member 23 (referring to Fig. 3) are relative movement ofthe two are required in the distance determining operation.

' The manner ofv operation of the hereinbefore described mechanisms is substantially as followsz 2 q Afshapem is in positionupon the rollers 1, which rollers are driven, through the connections described, from. the motor 1 8 (Fig.1). Said rollers may of' course be driven either continuously as bestsuited to the work being done and the organization of a particular machine. The shape 00 upon the. rotating rollers 1 contacts with the head 10, and presses thereagainst. 'The rack 11, carrying the head 10, being-geared to the shaft 13 by the pinion 12,- the head 10 and therewith the shape 00 can move forwardly only as permitted by the suceessive'setting of the distance determining device. 1

It may be assumed thatthe next distance setting' to be made involves a measurement includingtensof feet, feet, inches and siX- f teenthsof an inch. Correspondingly one of locking plates already described.

the' pins 50, one of the pins 62, one of the pins 73, and one of the pins carried by the plate 80 will beset or pushed inwardly and locked in that position by the corresponding This will permit the head 10 and rack 11 to "travel-forward a distance corresponding and the head and rack to' the setting made, may :start into motion in various ways, as by the throwing in of a hand switch, or of an automatically operated switch, operated bythe completion of the setting or other- Wise for the motors 8' and 100, in both forward driving of the work and return of the mechanism for'new work. So far as concerns many features of the invention, one orniore of the distance pins may be a looking pin, and the setting of another p n may be suflicient to start'the device into-opera tiOlL F in Figs. 2-and 3),

or intermittently- The'thread 25 on the rotates with the shaft 13 by'reason of its being mounted upon-the squared portion .19. As nut 20 also meshes withthestationary thread 18 u'pon the interior of'the casing 16', the nut travels forward (that is to the right proportionately to the travel of the work 00. With tl1e-nut-20, the entire structureover to the collar 22tr avels along to the right, including therack 32;

-The rack 32 through gear teeth rotates disk38. The disk 38-rotates with the rack 32 until the set pin Or'keyofthe series reachesthe end of the slot Thereupon,

the disk 46 begins rotating; being drawn along by the pin50 in the end" of the slot 45. hen by reason ofsuch' travel of the disk 46, the-set key 62 reachesthe end of the corresponding'slot 68', the disk is caused to rotate, being drawn around 'bysaid pin 62 as'it rests'in the end ofthe slot 68. This;

rotation continues until the entire series of disks is broughtto' rest'by the set pin or key 73 reaching the end of the correspond ing slot 77, as will be fully understood from the foregoing. V

' At this juncture, by reason of the disks38, 4L6 and-60'being brought to rest, and the shaft 13 continuing to rotate, iscompressed, and the, nut 20'and the cylinder 23 approach each other. The teeth 20 and 23 thus pass into alinement and their faces then engage due to the rotation. It will be understood that by reason of the the spring 94;:

shape and location of the'grooves 90,91, 92 and 93, in the; cylindrical member 23,

and the cooperating keys the further movement of'cylinder 23 will be rotational as wellfas translational, and will measure from] the last integral inch setting, which was re-' corded or determined by the set pin 73. The nut 20 and cylindrical member 23' being in a definiteand predetermined position, the further rotation and forward or translational movement of the nut 20, after-teeth 20 and 23 have passed into engaging position, will be determined by the amount of rotation permitted to cylinder 23 by theset pin of one of the series 81,82, 83 and 84 and its cooperatinggroove in' the ,member' 23. sleeve 24 will permit the requisite forward movement of the nut 20 and member 23 to the right with respect I to the now stationary nut 30 and rack 32.

The'cylindri'cal' member 23 being brought to rest by'the corresponding set key, reaching the end of its groove the-shaft13is stopped, bringing the rack 11 and the head 10 to rest at precisely the position and after the dis tance of travel for which the distance determiningdevice was set.

' Suitable restoring devices are provided, and a spring 95 serves to restore the cylinder'23 to-positionJ- Likewise a coiled spring 96, coiled about the sleeve 61,and having one end fixed to the stationary plate 71 and the other end fixed to said sleeve 61, restores the plates to position for a new setting of feet and inches. i Suitable means for returning to position for work ware provided, and as embodied a m0= tor 100 is connected by a suitable gearing 101 to shaft 13. Said motor may be called into action by suitable automaticallyoperated or hand operated devices.

From all the'foregoing it will be understood that a machine has been provided enibodying and realizing the objects and advantages herein set forth, together with other objects and advantages. It will be further understood that changes maybe made from the particular construction herein shown and described, within the scope of the accompanying claims, without departing from the principles of the invention, and withoutsacrificing its chief advantages. lVhat I claim as my invention, and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:

1. A machine for punching structural shapes including incombination punching means, and means for successively progressthe head 10 ing'and stopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means including ahead against whichthe end of the shape abuts.

as it travels, a rack bar'extending along the shape and traveling tance determining device comprising'a pinion meshing with said rack, a shaft upon which said pinion is fixed, an externally threaded nut rotating withv and traveling along said shaft, an internally threaded cylinder inclosing said nut and with which the thread on said nut engages,-a rack'bar connected to travel with said'nut, and a plurality of concentric rotatable disks, one of said disks having a ear meshing with said last mentioned rack ar, various diskshaving slots therein, and having also keys adapted to be adjacent disk to determine the amount of travel of one disk with respect to another.

2. A machine shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in'proper position to be punched, said against which the end of the shape abuts as it travels, a rack bar extending along the shape and traveling therewith, and a distance determining device comprising'a' pinion meshing with said rack, a shaft upon hich said pinion'is threaded nut rotating with and traveling along said shaft, an internally threaded cyle inder inclosing said nut and with which the thread on said nut engages, a'rack bar connected to travel with said nut, and a plurality of concentric rotatable disks,

receiving. a new piece of ing and stopping therewith, and a dis such position.

set to engage in slots on an for punching structural means including a head fixed, an externally said distance denominations and having arcuate' slots representing. re-

spectively values in said distance denominadi'sks represent ng to another, one of said disks having a gear meshing with said rack.

31 A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progress} a shape in proper position to be punched, said means including ahead against which the endf'of the shape abuts as it travels, a rack bar extending along the shape and traveling therewith, and'a distance' determining device comprising a pinion meshing with 'saidrack, ashaft upon which said pinion is .fixed, an externally threaded. nut rotating fwith "and traveling along said shaft, an internally, threaded cylinder inclosing said nut and with which the thread on said nut engages, a rack bar connected to travel with said nut, and a plu rality of concentric rotatable disks, one of said disks havinga gear meshing with said last' nentioned rack bar, various disks 'ha'ving slots therein, and having also keys adapted to be set to engage injslots on an adjacent disk to determine the amount of with respect to another,

and

travel of one disk said disks having an initial position; means for automatically restoring them to 41A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means andineans for ing andstopping a shape in proper position*t o be'pun'ched, said means including a head againstjwhich the end of the shape abuts as it travels, a rack bar extending along the shape and traveling therewith, and a distance determining device comprising a pinion meshing with said rack, a shaft upon which said pinion is fixed, an externajlly threaded nut rotating with and traveling along said shaft, an internally.

threaded cylinder inclosing said nut and withIwhich the thread on said nut engages,

a rack bar connected to travel with said nut, and a plurality ofconcentric rotatable disks; meshing one of said disks'having agear with said last mentioned rack bar, various disks having slots therein, and having also keys adapted to beset to engage in slots on an adjacentdisk to determine the amount of travel of one disk with'respectt'o another, said disks having an initial position and spring means for automatically restoring.

them to such position. v

A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means,and means for successively progressdisk to determine the.

successively progress- 7 a .rackbar oonnected to threaded nut rotating witlrand[traveling ion meshingwith said rack threaded fnut rotating with 'pinion meshing with said rack, 21, I which said pinion is fixed, -an.externall,y

ing-and stopping a shape in, proper position to; bepunQhed Said means including a head against which'the: end of the'shape abuts as it travels, a rack bar extending along the shape andtr'aveliiig' therewith, and a dis tance'determining device comprising a pinwhich saidpinion is fixed, an externally and. traveling along said shaft, an internally inder inclosingsaid nutiand with which the thread on said nutengages, a rack bar con; nested to travel with said nut, and aplujrality' of. concentric ,7 rotatable: disks, one .of-

said disks :having'ja, gear meshing with said last mentioned rack bar, various; disks having slots t-he'reijn',c and having also f keys adapted to beset. toengage in slots on. an

adjacent disk to determine the amount of trayel of one disk with respectto another,

and, astationary'jseries of keys cooperating with one ofsaid disks. 6,, A, machine} for punching structural shapes including in combination, punch ng means, and for successively progressingandj stopping a shape in proper pos1- ti'on to be punched, said means including a head againstwhich the end, of the shape along the shape and I travel externally threaded nut rotating with and traveling alongfsaid shafnan inte nal y threaded cylinder incloslng SalCl -Ill1l/ and with which the thread on said nut, engages,

andaplura ity 0f coneentricjrotatahle disks,

said disks representing distance ,de1 minations and. having slots representing respectively values in said] distance denomination,,

carriedfby said respecrepresentin g d stance and; a series ot keys ti've; disks the keys ,values land beingfprO eCtable intothe slots on an ad acent disk to determine the amount one of said disks having a-gear] meshing with said rack and a statlonary serles or keys cooperatmg with; onset said disks.

'Z... A. machine" for punching structural shapes including in combination. punching means, and meansfor successively progress,- 111 1 and stopping a shape in proper, position to e punched,.said means including a head; against which; the end of the shapeabuts; extending-along the shape and-traveling, therewith,.and a disdetermining device; comprising a] as .it travels, va raok balf tance sha it upon along said shaft, an internally threadedcyl inder inclosing said nut and with which the thread 011 said nut engages, arack bar con-,

a shaft upon threaded nyl- I nected to travel with abuts .as'-=itftravels,"a Tack 'har extending i i I ing therewith, and" a distance determining, device comprising aupinion meshing. with saicl' raclnf-av shaft upon whichjsaid pinion is fixed, an,

said. disks having. an I V V I means for automatlcally and snnultaneously travel, w1th sa1dj nut,

nectedto travel with said nut, .anda plurality of @concentric rotatable disks,v one of said disks ."having agear meshing with, said l as't 1nentioned rack bar, various disks having slots therein, and having also keys adapted to be set to engage adjacent disk to determine the amount of travel'of one disk with respect to another, said disks having "an "intial position and means for automatically restoring themto' such position and a stationary series of keys cooperating with one of said disks.

in slots on an r 8.v A machine for' punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means forsuccessively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to be punohechsaid means including a head against which the end of the shape abuts as it travels, a rack bar extending along the shape and traveling therewith,,and a dis-- tance determining device comprising a I pinion meshing with said rack, a shaft upon which said pinion is fixed, an externally threaded nut, rotating with and travelin along said shaft, an internally threaded cyfi inder inclosing. said nut and with which the thread on said nutengages, arack barconsaid nut, and a pin-.- rali'ty of concentric rotatable disks, one of said disks. having a gear meshing with said last mentioned rack bar, various disks having slots therein, and having also keys adapted to be set to engage in slots on an adjacent. disk to. determinev the amount of;

travel of one disk with respect to another, 1n1t1al position and restorihg'nllsaiddisks-to su-ch position and astationary'seriesof keys cooperating with Qne'ofsaid. disks, I e I v 9.,.A.E Inachine1 for punching structural shapes including combination means, and means for successively ing and stopping a shape in proper position to. be punched, said means including ahead against which theend of the shapeabuts asit travels, a rack bar, extending shape and traveling therewith, and a distance determining device threaded nut rotating with and traveling along saidshaft, aninternallythreaded cylinder inclosing the thread onsaid nut engages, a rack bar connected to travel with said nut, and a pine ralityof concentric rotatable having slots representing respectively values in said distance denomination, and a series keys carried by disks the keys representing distance; values and being projectable intothe slots on an adjacent disk to determine the amount of travel of one diskwith respect to another,-

punching progress-- 7 comprising a; pinionmeshing w th said rack, a shaft upon, WlllCh said vpinion 1s fixed an externally.-

said nut and with which 7 disks, said; disks. representn-ig dlstanoe denominations said --respeetive along the one of said disks'having a gear meshing with said rack and a, restoring spring against which said disks are rotated.

10. A machine for punching tructural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means including a head against which the end of the shape abuts as it travels, a rack bar extending along the shape and traveling therewith, and a distance determining device comprising a pinion meshing with said rack, a shaft upon which said pinion is fixed, an externally threaded nut rotating with and traveling along said shaft, an internally threaded cylinder inclosing said nut and with which the thread on said nut engages,a rack bar connected to, travel with said plurality of concentric rotatable disks, one of said disks having a gear meshing with said last mentioned rack bar, various disks having slots therein, and having'also keys adapted to beset to engage in slots onan adjacent disk to determine the amount of travel of one disk with respect and auxiliary means for permitting further motion of said shaft and nut after said disks are stopped by the engagement of said keys and slots. Y I Y v 11. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means including a head against which the ends of the shape abuts as-it travels, a rack bar extending along the shape and traveling therewith, and a distance determining device comprising I a pinion meshing with saidrack, a shaft upon which said pinion is fixed, an externally threaded nut rotating with and traveling along said shaft, an internally threaded cylinder inclosing said nut'and with which the thread on said nut connectedto travel with said nut, and a plurality of concentric rotatable disks, one

of said disks having a gear meshing wlth said last mentioned rack bar, various disks having slots therein, and having also keys adapted to be set to engage in slots on an adjacent disk to determine the amount of travel of one disk with respect to another and auxiliary meansfor permitting further motion of said shaft and nut after said disks are stopped by the engagement of said keys and slots, said auxiliary means comprising a series of ,keys settable to permit and determine such further movement of said nut and shaft. 7

12. A machine forpunching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and. stopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means mcluding a head threaded nut rotating nut, and a I to another engages, a rack bar against which the end of the shape abuts as it travels, a rack bar extending along the shape and traveling therewith, and a distance determining device comprising a pinion meshing with which said pinion is fixed, an externally with and traveling along said shaft, an internally threaded cylinder inclosing said nut and with which the thread on said nut engages, a rack bar connected co-travel with sa1d nut, and a plurality ofconcentmc rotatable disks, one

of said disks having a gear meshing with said l'ast mentioned rack ban-various disks having slots therem, and havlng'also keys adapted to be set to"engage-in slots on an adjacent disk to determine the amount of travel of one disk wi h respect to another and auxiliary means for permitting further' motion of said shaft and nut after said disks are stopped by the engagement of said keys and slots, and means for automatically restoring said auxiliary means siti0n.-

13. A machine shapes including in combination punching means, and ing and stopping a shape injproper position to be punched, said means including a head against which the end of the shape abuts as it travels, a rack bar tance determining device comprising a pin on meshing with said rack, a shaft upon which said pinion is fixed, an externallythreaded nut rotating with and traveling along said shaft, an internally threadedcylinder inclosings'aid nut and with which the thread on said nut engages, a plurality of concentric rotatable disks, said'disks having slots therein and keys settable to engage the slots in another of the said disks to de-. termine the amount of travel of one disk with respect to another, and connections between said disks and said nut whereby the travel and stopping of the shape is con-' trolled fromsaid disks, an initial stop for which said pinion is fixed, an externally threaded nut rotating with and traveling along said shaft, an internally threaded cylinder inclosing nut and with which said rack, a shaft upon.

to initial pofor punching structural means for successively progress extending along the shape and traveling therewith, and a dis a of the shape abutsthe thread on said nut engages. a pluralj ity of concentric rotatable "disks, said disks denomination and the which said pinion the thread on said representing distance denominations, said disks having slots therein representing distance values, and series of keys mounted on saidd-isks, the series representing a distance various keys in a series -representing distance values, said keys being respectively settab-le to engage in asl-ot inan ad acent disk to determine the. amount of travel of one disk with respect to another, and connections between said. disks and said nut whereby the travel and stopping of the shape is controlled from said disks.v

1 15. A machine for; punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing to be .punchehsaid means including a head against which the end of the shape abuts as itvtravels, a rack .bar extending along the shape-andtraveling therewith, and a dis tance determining device comprising apinion meshing with said rack, a shaft upon which said pinion is fixed, an externally.

threaded nut rotating with and traveling along said shaft, an internally threaded cylinderinclosingsaid nut and with which the thread on said nut engages, a plurality ofconcentri'c rotatable disks, said disks representing distance denominations, and means carriedby said respective disks for engaging-another disk and connections between said nut and said disks to control. the travel and stopping ofthe'shape relatively to said, .35;

punching means.

16. A machine for punchmg structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and'vstopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means including a head against which the end of vthe shapeabuts as ittravels, a rack bar extending along the shape andtraveling therewith, and a. dis tance determining device comprising a pinion meshing with said rack, a shaft upon is fixed, an externally threaded nut rotating with and traveling along said shaft, an internally threaded cylinder inclosing said nut and withwhich nut engages, a plurality of concentric rotatable disks, said disks representing distance denominations and-means carried by said respectivedisks for engaging another disk and connections between said nut and said. disks to control the travel and stopping of the shape relatively to said punching means, and means operating automaticallyltorestore said-disks for-a new niachinefor punching structural ing and stopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means includinga head against which the end of the shape upon which said pinion is fixed,- an exterand stopping a shape :in proper position along the shape,

including in combination punching abuts as it travels, a rack bar extending along vthe shape, and traveling therewith and a distance determining device co1nprising a pinion meshing with said rack, a shaft nally threaded nut rotating with and traveling along said shaft, an internally threaded cylinder inclosing said nut; and with which the thread on said nut engages, a plurality of concentric rotatable disks, said disks representing distance denominations,- and selectively settable means for permiting or preventing rotation of one of said dis-ks relatively to another and connections between said nut and said disk to control; the travel of the shape relatively to the punching means. 7

18. A machine for, punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to be-punched, said means including a head against which the end of the shape abuts as it travels, a rackv bar extending and traveling therewith and a distance determining device comprising a pinion meshing with said rack, a shaft upon which said pinion is fixed, an externally threaded nut rotating with and trav: cling along said shaft, an internally threaded cylinder inclosing said nut and with which the thread onsaid nut engages, a plurality of concentric rotatable disks, said disks representing distance denominations, andimeans for permittin or preventing ro- 1.0,0 tation of one of said disks relatively to another and connections between said nut and said disks to control the travel of the shape relatively to the punchingmeans and means operating automatically to restore said disks 105 for a new setting. v

19. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position L30 to be punched, said means includinga head againstwhichthe end of the shape abuts as it travels, a rack bar extending along the. shape, andtraveling therewith, a distance determining meshing with said rack, a shaft upon which a said pinion is fixed, an externally threaded nut rotating with and traveling along said device comprisinga pinion I ing a pinion meshing ing and stopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means including a head against which the end of the shape abuts as it travels, a rack bar extending along the shape, and traveling therewith, a distance determining device comprising a pinion meshing with said rack, a shaft upon which said pinion is fixed, an externally threaded nut rotating with and traveling along said shaft, an internally threaded cylinder inclosing said nut and with which the thread on said nut engages, a plurality of concentric rotatable disks, said disks representing distance denominations, and selectively settable means for permitting and preventing rotation of one disk relatively to another to control the travel and stopping of the shape relatively to said punching means.

21. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and'means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper positi on to be punched, said means including a head against which the end of the shape abutsas it travels, a rack bar extending along the shape and traveling therewith, a distance determining device comprising a pinion meshing with said rack, a shaft upon which said pinion is fixed, an externally threaded nut rotating with and traveling along said shaft, an internally threaded cylinder inclosing said nut and with which the thread on said nut engages, a plurality of concentric rotatable disks, said disks having slots therein and keys settable to engage the slots in another of said disks to determine the amount of travel of one disk with respect to another, and lineally traveling connections between said disks and said nut whereby the travel and stopping of the shape is controlled from said disks.

22. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means including a head against which the end of the shape abuts as it travels, a rack bar extending along the shape and traveling therewith,

and a distance determining device compriswith said rack, a shaft upon which said pinion is fixed, an externally threaded nut rotating with and traveling along said shaft, an internally threaded cylinder inclosing said nut and with which the thread on said nut engages, a plurality of concentric rotatable disks said disks representing distance denominations, and selectively settable means carried by said respective disks for engaging another disk and lineally'traveling connections between said nut and said disks to control the travel and stopping of the shape relatively to said punching means.

23. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means including a head against which the end of the shape abuts as it travels, a rack bar extending along the shape, and traveling therewith, and a distance determining device comprising a pinion meshing with said rack, a shaft upon which said pinion is fixed, an externally threaded. nut rotating with and traveling along said shaft, an internally threaded cylinder inclosing said nut and with which the thread on said nut engages, a plurality of concentric rotatable disks, said disks representing distance denominations, and means for permitting or preventing rotation of one of said disks relatively to another and lineally traveling connections between said nut and said disk to control the travel of the shape relatively to the punching means.

241. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means including a head against which the end of the shape abuts as it travels, a rack bar extending along the shape and fast to said head, a pinion engaging said rack bar, a shaft on which said pinion is fixed, a member rotating with said shaft and traveling roportionately therealong, a rackbar 'xed to travel longitudinally with said member, a plurality of disks representing distance values and geared to said rack, and means carried by one disk for engaging another of said disks to control the travel and stopping of said shape relatively to said punching means.

25. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means includ ing a head against which the end of the shape abuts as it travels, a rack bar extending along the shape and fast to said head, a pinion engaging said rack bar, a shaft on which said pinion is fixed, a member rotating with said shaft and traveling proportionately therealong, a rack bar fixed to travel longitudinally with said member, a plurality of disks representing distance values and geared to said rack, and selectively settable means representing distance values carried by one disk for engaging another of said disks to control the travel and stopping of said shape relatively to said punching means.

26. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively, progressing and stopping a shape in proper ber rotating With tively.

gressing and stopping a,

position to. be punched,, said means including a head against. Which the end of the shape abuts as it travels, a rack bar extending along the shape and fast to said head, a pinion engaging said rack bar, a shaft on which said pinion is fixed, a member rotating With. said shaft and traveling proportionately therealong, a rack bar fixed to travel longitudinally with, said member, a plurality of disks. representing distance values and, geared to. saidrack and means for permitting and preventing rotation of one disk. relativelyto another to control the travel and stopping of said shape relatively to. the punching means. I

27. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and. means for successively pro.- gressing and stoppinga shape in proper position to. be punched, said means includiing a. head against Which the end of the shape abuts as it travels, a. rackbar extending along the shape and fast to] said head, a pinion. engaging saidrack, bar, a. shaft on Which said pinion is fixed, a member rotating With said shaft. and traveling pro.- portionately therealong, a rack. bar fixed to travel longitudinally With, said. member, a plurality of. disks representing distance values and gearedto said rack, and means representing different distance values. for permitting, and preventing, rotation. of one disk relatively to anotherto. control the travel and. stopping of said shape relatively to the. punching means.

28.. A. machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and, means for successively pro.- shape in. proper position .to be punched, said means including a head against which the end of the shape abuts as it. travels, a; rack bar extending along the shape and fast to said head, a, pinion. engaging said rack bar, a shaft. on Which said pinion. is fixed, a memsaid shaft and traveling proportionately therealong, arackbar fixed to. travel longitudinally With said member, a, plurality of disks representing distance values and geared to said rack. and selec settable means carried by one disk for engaging. another. of. said disks to con trol the travel and stopping of said shape relatively to'said punching means, and automatic means for, restoring said disks.

29, A machine for punching shapes; including in combination. means, and. means, for successively progressingand stopping a shape in proper position to'be punched, said. meansfincluch ing a head against Which the end. of the shape abutsasit travels, a rack bar extending; along the shape and fast. to. said head,

a p nionengaggingsaid rack. bar, a shaft on.

which said pinion is fixed,.a1men1ber rotat-v shape abuts as it travels,

structural. punchlng.

with said shaft, and traveling'proporti'onately therealong,. a rack bar fixed to travel longitudinally With said member, a pluralitv of disks representing distance values and geared to said rack, and selectivel settable means carried by one disk for engaging. another of said disks to control the travel and stopping of said shape relatively to said punching means, and means for restoring said. disks preparatory to a new setting. 1 v

30. A. machine. for punching structural shapes including. in. combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and. stopping, a shape. in proper position. to be punched, said means including; a head against which the: end of the a rack bar extend.- ing along the shape and fast to said, head a pinion engaging. With said. rack bar, a shaft on which. said'l pinion is fixed, a member rotating. With said. shaft and traveling proportionately therealong, a. plurality of disks representing distance. values, connections between said rotating member and disks. tov cause said. disks to... travel proportionately to said rotating member, and means for permitting and preventing rotationof one disk, relatively to another to control the traveland stopping of said shape relatively to. the punching means.

31. A machine for. punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means. for successively pros gressing and stopping, a: shape. in proper 100 position to be punched,v said. means. including a. head against which the end of. they shape abuts. as it travels a rack. bar. extending, along thev shape and. head, 'a. pinion. engaging said. shaft. onvvhich said pinion. is fixed, amember rotating: with said. shaft. and traveling proportionately therealong, a plurality of disks representing: distance values, connec tions between saidrotating member andldisks 110 to cause said disks to travel proportionately to said. rotating member, and. selectively settable means for permitting and prevent? ing; rotation of one disk. relatively to another to control the travel and. stopping. of; '1

said shape relatively to. the punching, means.

32-. A machine for punching, structural shapes including in. combination. punching,

means, and meansfor successively progress:

ing, and stoppinga shape in proper position. 2.

tating member and cause. said: disks. 13.0

fast to said. I rack bar, a 1.05

a; shaft on Which. said. 12

to travel proportionately to said rotating member, and selectively settable means for permitting and preventing rotation of one disk relatively to another to control the travel and stopping of said shape relatively to the punching means, and means for restoring said disks preparatory to a new setting.

83. A- machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means including a head against which the end of the shape abuts as it travels, a rack bar extending along the shape and fast to said head, a pinion engaging said rack bar, pinion is fixed, a member rotating with said shaft and travelingproportionately therealong, a plurality of disks representing distance values, connections between said rotating member and disks to cause said disks to travel proportionately to said rotating member, and means representing distance values for permitting and preventing rotation of one disk relatively to another to control the travel and stopping of said shape relatively to the punching means.

34. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means including ahead against which the end of the shape abuts as it travels, a rack bar extending along the shape and fast to said head, a pinion engaging said rack bar, a shaft on which said inion is fixed, a member rotating with said shaft and traveling proportionately therealong, a plurality of disks representing distance values, connections between said rotating member and disks to cause said disks to travel proportionately to said rotating member, and selectively settable means representing distance denominations and values for permitting and preventing rotation of one disk relatively to another to control the travel and stopping of said shape relatively to the punching means.

35. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means including a shaft rotatable proportionately to the travel of said shape, and a plurality of rotatable disks representing distance denominations, connected to move with said shaft, and means for permitting and preventing rotation of said disks to control the travel and stopping of said shape relatively to the punching means.

36. A machine shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position a shaft on which said for punching structural to be punched, said means including a shaft rotatable proportionately to the travel of said shape, and a plurality of rotatable disks representing distance denominations connected to move with said shaft, and selectively settable means for permitting and reventing rotation of said disks to control the travel and stopping of said shape rela tively to the punching means.

37. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means including a shaft rotatable proportionately to the travel of said shape, and a plurality of rotatable disks representing distance denominations con nected to move with said shaft, and selectively settable means representing distance values for permitting and preventing rotation of said disks to control the travel and stopping of said shape relatively to the punching means.

88. A machine shapes including for punching structural in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means including a shaft rotatable proportionately to the travel of said shape, and a plurality of rotatable.

disks representing distance denominations connected to move with said shaft, and means for permitting and preventing rotation of said disks to control the travel and stopping of said shape relatively to the punching means, and means for restoring said disks.

39. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means including a shaft rotatable proportionately to the travel of said shape, and a plurality of rotatable disks representing distance denominations connected to move with said shaft, and selectively settable means representing distance values for permitting and preventing rotation of said disks to control the travel and stopping of said shape relatively to the punching means, and means for restoring said disks preparatory to another setting.

40. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means including a shaft rotatable proportionately to the travel of said shape, and a plurality of rotatable disks representing distance denominations connected to move with said shaft, and selectively settable means representing distance values for permitting and preventing rotation of said disks to control the travel and stopping of said shape relatively to the punching means, and automatic means for restoring said disks preparatoryto another setting' 41. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to: be'punched, said means including a shaft rotatable proportionately to the travel of said shape, and a plurality of rotatable members representing distance denominations'anol means for permitting and preventing their rotation relatively to each other tocontrol the travel and stopping of said shape relatively tosaid punching-means.

42; A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shapein proper position to be punched, said means includinga shaft rotatable proportionately tothe travel of said shape, and a plurality of rotatable members representing distance denominations and selectively settable means for permitting' and preventing their rotation relatively to -each other to control the travel and stopping of said shape relatively to said punchingmeans.

4 8 A machine for punching structural shapes including incombination punching means, and means forsuccessively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to: be punched, said means including a shaft rotatable proportionately to the travel of said shape and a plurality of rotatable members representing distance denominations and means representing difl'erent distance' values for permitting and preventing their rotation relatively to each other to con-- trol the travel and stopping of said shape relatively to said punching means.

454:, A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and meansfor successively"progress ing and stopping a shape in proper position tobe punched, said means including a shaft rotatable proportionately to the travel of said shape, and a plurality of rotatable members representing distance denominations and means mounted upon said rotatable rotatable proportionately .to

members for permitting and preventing;-

their rotation relatively to each other to control the travel and stopping 0t said shape relatively to said punching means;

45. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progress-- ing andstopping a shape in proper positiontobe punched, said means including a shaft the travel of said shape, and a plurality of rotatable members representing distance denomina tions an selectively settable means mounted upon said rotatable members for permitting and preventing their rotation relatively to' mg means, and means for igzei aei each other-to control the travel and stopping of' said shape relatively to said punching means. I

46. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in properposition tobe'punched, saidmeans'including a shaft rotatable proportionately to the travel of said? shape, and a plurality of rotatable members representing distance denominations and selectively settable means for permitting and preventing their rota-tion relatively to each other to control the travel and stoppingo-f said shape relatively to said punchrestoring said? rotatable members preparatory to a new setting: I

H. A machine for punching structural shapes includingin' combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to be punched, said means incl'udinga shaft rotatable proportionately tothe travel of said shape, and a plurality of rotatable mem bers representing distance denominations and means for causing a relative travel of said rotatable members so as to permit a desired travel and positioning of the shape relatively tosaid punching means.

4'8. A machine for punching structural shapes including means, and means for successively progress.- ing and stopping a shape in proper position i to. be punched, said means including a shaft rotatable proportionately to the travel of said shape, and a plurality of rota-table members representing distance denominations and means for selecting one ormore rota table members for rotation and determining the amount of relative rotation of each to control the travel and positioning of the shape relatively to the punching means.

49. A machinefor punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper position to be punched and aplurality of rotatable members representing distance denominations and being movable relatively to each other, connections for causing said members to have a total movement proportion-ate to the travel of the shape, and devices for distributing the tota movement of all said members betevveen the various members, to control the travel and stopping of in combination punchingsaid shape relatively to said punching" mg and stopping a shape in proper positions to be punched, said means includinga plurality of rotatable members represent lng distance denominations and having translational movement relatively to each other, connections for causing said members to have a total movement proportionate to the travel of the shape, and devices for distributing the total movement of all said members between the various members, to control the travel and stopping of said shape relatively to said punching means.

51. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper positions to be punched, said means including a plurality of rotatable members representing distance denominations and being movable relatii'ely to each other, connections for causing said members to have a total movement proportionate to the travel ofthe shape and devices for causing said members to move together or relatively to each other to distribute the total movement between the various members to control the travel and stopping of said shape relatively to said punching means.

52. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper positions to be punched, said means including a plurality of rotatable members representing distance denominations and being mov- Goples of this patent may be obtained for five cents each, by addressing the able relatively to each other, connections for causing said members to have a total movement proportional to the travel of the shape, and devices carried by said relatively movable members to cause them to travel together to control the travel and stopping of the shape relatively to said punching means.

53. A machine for punching structural shapes including in combination punching means, and means for successively progressing and stopping a shape in proper positions to be punched, said means including a plurality of rotatable members representing distance denominations and having movement with respect to each other, connections for causing said members to have a total movement proportional to the travel of the shape, and devices carried by said relatively movable members for engaging other of said relatively movable members to cause them to travel together to control the travel and stopping of the shape relatively to said punching means.

In testimony whereof, I have signed my name to this specification, in the presence of two subscribing Witnesses.

LOUIS A. HAWTHORNE.

Witnesses:

JOHN D. MORGAN, EDWARD O. WURTS.

Commissioner of Patents,

Washington, D. 0. 

